The Changes in the Way the Company Produces and Market Products and ho Case Study - 101

The Changes in the Way the Company Produces and Market Products and how they Address Customer Issues - Case Study Example The new approach proposed by the company will improve its competitive advantage over the Chinese rival firms due to the LWT’s proximity to the U.S. market. LWT is close to its consumers hence they will enjoy low transport cost than its competitors (Case study, N.d). The operation cost will decrease when they start dealing with customers directly instead of selling their products through decorating centers. The cost of holding inventory will also reduce and since they will use the internet and catalog to reach the customers that will result in the reduction of marketing expenses (McCormick &  Duff,  2011). Furthermore, the company will obtain a quick response from the clients and be able to offer a quick solution and increase customer satisfaction than its rivals in China (Case study, N.d). The effects of the proposed decision will result to the reduced price of products due to a reduction in inventory and marketing expenditure hence increased customer satisfaction.

Educating Rita-Characters Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita-Characters Essay Main characters Rita and Frank are the only two characters whom we see on stage, though other people are referred to by both of them. We hear about Denny, Ritas husband, about Julia, Franks partner, and about Trish, Ritas flatmate, who attempts to kill herself. But it is Rita and Frank whom the audience gets to know best. Rita: Rita is a working-class, twenty-six-year-old hairdresser who has taken the decisive step of enrolling on a literature course at the Open University. It has been a difficult decision as it means that she has to break away from the restrictions imposed on her by her husband and by the community in which she lives and works. Indeed, Ritas choice is a stark one: it is between starting a family, which Denny wants, or studying. In deciding to study and become more educated and culturally aware, Rita changes her life completely. She gradually becomes absorbed by culture and literature. It is only after her flatmate attempts suicide that she begins to realise that art and literature cannot provide all the answers. However, she decides to continue as a student and finally passes her examination. Frank: Frank is a university lecturer in English Literature with a drink problem. He has had one failed marriage and his present relationship wit Julia is not an easy one. However, he does appear to have a comfortable middle-class lifestyle and has achieved some minor success as a poet. His job, nevertheless, bores him and, in fact, by the end of the play, he has been sent away to Australia by the university authorities because of his drunken behaviour. Rita breezes into his life like a breath of fresh air; the story of the play is the story of their developing and changing relationships both as teacher and student and on a more personal level.

Woman To Man :: essays research papers

Woman to Man At first glance, the title seemed to have more than one connotation. "Woman to Man;" is the woman giving something to the man, maybe a gift? "Woman to Man." Maybe the title is trying to compare the two genders? I was slightly confused when I read this poem at first, but it became apparent from the rich metaphors, that it was about the sexual relation between the woman and man. It is also about conception - or rather the potential of creating a child from this sexual act - told from the woman's point of view. Judith Wright was very bold in writing such a poem since it was published in 1949, when such issues weren’t discussed in the public, but as a well regarded poet, she had achieved a good reputation for expressing herself, and therefore could write a subjective poem about this issue. The main idea of this poem, is based upon female sexuality and sensuality, and that sex is symbolic of life, or death if pregnancy fails. The title seems to mean now, "Woman to Man" as if the woman is offering herself to the Man, offering her body to create a child, through the act of sex. It also means that the woman has something to give to the man, not only the pleasure, but through blood and pain, a child. The language compliments the mood of this poem, as it varies from a sad and melancholy cry, to a voice of hope, all in a constant confident feel, and by this, the poet's reflections and contemplation’s are communicated successfully to us, making us feel in the same way she has felt. The first stanza begins with a bold and confident entry describing in a simple way the sexual relation between the man and the woman; or better said; Woman to Man. The ‘seed’ which the woman holds - has the potential of becoming a child. The image of the day of birth as a ‘resurrection day’ is important in this respect for, just as the resurrection of Christ defeated death, so too, does each individual conception and birth. The use of alliteration in this first stanza contributes a crescendo of confidence, which relates to the pain, and stress building up until the conception. This also can be interpreted as the excitement during the sexual act. The relief following is shown in the three remaining stanzas which are quieter, and are more explanatory, and by this the poet has intended to show us the relief emancipated from the mother after the birth, or also, after their sexual act.

Bengal Tiger Essay -- essays research papers

The Bengal Tiger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bengal tiger is a carnivorous, mammal primarily from India. It lives in habitats such as the coniferous Himalayan Forest, the mangroves of the Sunderbans, the hills of the Indian Peninsula, or the forests of Rajasthan and Northern India. At one time Bengal tigers were scattered throughout Asia. Now they are generally found in India and some regions of Bangledesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar. There is approximately 4,000 alive in the wild now, and about 300 are in captivity in zoos around the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bengal tiger’s are one of the largest and most feared cats in the cat family. An adult tiger can weigh any where from 350 to 550 pounds. The adult males weigh an average of 480 pounds, while the females weigh about 300. Their body lengths are between 6 and 9 feet long! A Bengal tiger hunts primarily deer, wild pigs, water buffalo, birds and other small mammals. When driven from hunger a this tiger will eat almost anything. Crocodiles, lizards, fish, and even humans are eaten by a frustrated Bengal tiger. They eat meat and only meat. Their style of attack is differant from the cheetah’s and the lion’s; who hunt in open habitats. Although it is a heavier predator than that of the lion and cheetah, it averages about 50 deer a year. Bengal tigers need a wide forest-like areas to hunt their prey. They are known to hunt alone, but have been found to hunt in packs. These tigers are semi-nocturnal, bec...

Report on “Principle-Centered Leadership”

To successfully evaluate a work such as Principle-Centered Leadership, one must first examine the background of the author, in this case, Stephen R. Covey. He is a famous expert on issues of leadership, specialist in family issues, besides he works as an organizational consultant and vice chairman of Franklin Covey Co. From Stephen R. Covey’s pen came of several much-talked-of books, he is also an owner of numerous honors and awards; Time magazine named him among twenty-five most influential Americans. In 1990, following his successful Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (1989), Stephen R. Covey wrote a book entitled Principle-Centered Leadership.This book was an evoked response to new conditions in business pre-caused by applying the natural laws of life to organizations described by the author and challenges leaders face in business by applying these natural laws. Covey underlines that the sustainable success of organization as well as the success of an individual, in pa rticular, must be based on persistent work. Covey provides the interpretation of the natural laws, among which one can find security, guidance, wisdom, and power, and further on he expatiates how concentration on these laws and defined by him seven-habits practice bring about personal and organizational change.Besides, according to Covey, determined commitment is prerequisite to success in business, and latter can be achieved only if one is ready to complete paradigm shift in long-range outlook. The paradigm, which author intends to bring for the reader, is many-sided and is conformable to classic dilemmas of contemporary life. The principle-centered leadership presents a new way of thinking based on timeless principles. These principles of human being presented on various levels including personal, interpersonal, managerial, organizational serve as a core of Convey paradigm. Each level is described by key law: personal – trustworthiness, interpersonal – trust, manager ial – empowerment, organizational – alignment.According to Covey principle-centered leaders are people, regardless the gender, who work on the ground of natural principles, or laws, and make those principles into the center of their lives, into the center of their relationships with others, into the center of their agreements and contracts, into their management processes, and into their mission statements (Covey 1990).In this book Covey attempts to expound habits that basically help people to achieve effectively success both in their professional and personal lives.This book is supposed to serves as a leadership philosophy guide, the guidebook to personal fulfillment and professional success through â€Å"principle-centered leadership† based on principles, showing how goals of excellence and total quality express an innate human need for progress in personal and organizational life. The book is aimed to show that a world of business is still based on the  "power-brokering† and â€Å"strong-armed† approach to leadership and it needs to be changed. This book supplies managers of any level with instruments and vocabulary to acquire proper leadership quality and become mediators of appropriate change.Covey describes traditional business workplaces as small societies where the colleagues that work together share the same political and social needs and interests as all people do in the society in its broad direct meaning. Thus, he suggests exploiting a â€Å"principle-centered leadership† paradigm for businesses that presumably is based on time-proved social values. As for any society the most important things are the maintenance of stability and order just the same for sustained success and more efficacy of any business such important thing is adaptation of the unilateral authority and government of a management hierarchy that views employees as economic units, not social participators.However, in the â€Å"human rela tions paradigm,† this power is, to some extent, more well-disposed, it takes into account and accepts emotional needs, while remains the same strong. â€Å"Human relations paradigm† uses the creativity and talent of employees more extensively, though preserves its utilitarian sense. In any event, employees are usually only a means to reach the target of the company. It often happens that their initiative is not appreciated. In other words, Covey draws the attention to the fact that very often employees are not considered to be political and social peers in most companies.According to Covey companies are facing a need to use all of the talents of their employees in order to achieve active competition of an infinitely more complex and dynamic economic landscape. He implies that a new principle-centered leadership paradigm is required. Moreover this paradigm is centered at the social and political â€Å"principles† of â€Å"fairness, equity, justice, integrity, hon esty, and trust† (Covey, 1990). Admittedly, it is a paradigm that provides full citizenship within a company to all employees.The author describes characteristics of a company operating with application of principle-centered leadership paradigm. The authorized employee, who stands in the base of the company, is trustworthy, in other words, he or she is highly-qualified and possesses the features of integrity and maturity. Such individual trait of trustworthiness develops trusting relationships among all other members of the company to such extent that constitutes the foundations of the company’s success. Trust also assists to achieve highly efficient communications among the company staff. The company is managed in compliance with â€Å"win-win performance agreements with negotiated accountability and consequences stipulations† (Covey, 1990). With such agreements in place, explicit managerial control is replaced by self-supervision (Covey, 1990). The author asser ts that companies that have taken over principle-centered leadership cease to be autocratic, and have established a form of democracy.However, one question arises while reading this book. Is the principle-centered leadership really democratic? The implementation of principle-centered leadership involves top-down approach. This paradigm intended for top leaders, possessing wisdom, with the purpose to convert their organizations by â€Å"communicating vision, clarifying purposes,† and establishing an overriding, governing mission (Covey, 1990). The aim of mission formulating is to increase employees’ feeling of making contribution. The author provides long-winded explanation why he offered such behavior which can heighten an executive's honor and authorities with others. It becomes apparent that the principle-centered leadership paradigm is supposed to rest on charismatic leadership, which often calls to emotions and not comprehensive participation.Covey’s concept of principle-centered leadership is based to great extent on his debates that principles of cooperation among people are â€Å"self-evident, objective, and external† as the natural laws should be. However, such statement seems to lack sound reason. Impartiality, integrity, and justice are all disputable points that often fall under strenuous debate in society. The all-wise leader does not have a hold on the definition of those ideals.Principle-centered leadership adopts the frame of employee authority, but in reality it seems to be, to more extent, a paradigm in motivation. The aim in principle-centered leadership is to make employees, in imperceptible way, believe that the company is being managed in a well-disposed, impartial manner â€Å"by all-knowing, high-minded leaders towards lofty goals† (Covey, 1990).The author fails to provide compelling and strong examples of conflicts that may accompany principle-centered leadership concept. These potential conflicts are, actually, underestimated as inessential compared to the prevalent devotion to a transcendent mission.In conclusion, Covey fails to convince the reader of efficacy of principle-centered leadership treating it as indefinite concept and applying, unfortunately, no social approach to form the basis of this concept.Bibliography:Covey, Stephen R., Principle-Centered Leadership New York, NY: Summit Books, 1990

Is It Essential to Write Essay on Economics

Is It Essential to Write Essay on Economics How to Write an Economics Essay Tyler Cowen, a famous American economist, once said that economics is everywhere, and understanding economics can help you make better decisions and lead a happier life. Economics is a compulsory subject at most schools and colleges. It helps students understand the whole range of economic issues, their consequences, and possible solutions. Economics affects everyone, no matter who you are or who you are going to become. That`s why teachers do their best to make you interested in learning more about this interesting subject. Writing an economics essay is a great opportunity for you to provide a solution to the certain economic problem, give your opinion on some economic aspects and show your economic skills. That`s how you do it in the best way. Just Keep Calm and Get Prepared for the Process Of course, you might feel confused if your professor or teacher is asking you to write on monopoly and how the existence of a single dominant supplier for a commodity affects the marketplace and consumer demand theory. It sounds difficult, doesn`t it? But everything will change dramatically if you just read and analyze your question thoughtfully. The next step is to access resources and do some preliminary research. Determine what kinds of sources you need and get a sense for how much information is out there on your topic. Make a good set of notes while reading. It will help you write an essay that is full of relevant material. Then you should create a strong thesis statement that articulates the unifying theme of your essay. It should provoke an analysis, describe an idea or present an opinion. A thesis statement will keep your paper organized. You will definitely lose your reader if you meander through disconnected thoughts. Just write down the main ideas of your essay and combine them into several sentences. Arrange all your notes into a logical order to give your essay a proper structure. Every part of your writing should have a distinct purpose. Outline what exactly should be covered in each section of your essay. Remember that your plan should be elaborate. Take your word limit into account. Give equal attention to each part of your essay by breaking down the total word limit and assigning a general word limit to each section. Take the Next Step – Writing First of all, write the most important paragraph in your essay – introduction. Give your readers clear signposts for what they will be reading in your essay. Introduce the topic, give background information and let your readers know the focus of your paper. Write the building blocks of your essay – main paragraphs. Use sources and factual details that you have discovered during your research in order to give your arguments strength and weight. There is a golden rule – 1 idea= 1 paragraph. Each paragraph should have a topic sentence and supporting sentences with the evidence. Pull all your points together in the conclusion. A good technique is to restate your thesis statement in different words. Make readers sure that all your claims have been fully substantiated and developed. In no case, add any new material here. Final Step – Editing and Proofreading Check the content of your economics essay to ensure that all ideas are expressed logically and clearly. Make sure that your paper is targeted towards your specific audience, has an appropriate tone, and is consistent and coherent. Spot and correct errors in style, format, use of language, punctuation, grammar, typography, and spelling. It is very important to read your essay word by word in order not to miss anything. Still Find It Difficult to Write on Economics? There are no desperate situations. If your topic is too difficult for you or you just can`t organize your brilliant ideas, you can ask for professional help. Look through different essay service reviews and choose which one suits your needs best.

Free Essays on Sexual Abuse

Effects of Sexually Abused Children Sexual child abuse is one of the most impure acts done to a young individual. It indeed violates one’s most precious inner pride and outer glory. Sexual abuse occurs when an individual of more experience and knowledge forces a child to do things for sexual pleasure. Shamefully, the people they trust commit such vulgar acts. The abuse can either be physical or emotional, allowing certain behavioral patterns to form, making the young child feel uncomfortable in particular surroundings. â€Å"One out of every four children will be a victim of sexual abuse† (Sexual Assault Crisis Center’s Home Page). Sexual child abuse is a disturbing act that effects a young mind to corrupt into non-normal behavior, and untrustworthy relationships. One of the most effects of child abuse occurs in the child’s behavioral status. Many children experience disturbing sleeping patterns that can haunt them for as long as they live; making them feel unsafe even in their own beds. Others may develop inappropriate sexual interests, excessive use of drugs and alcohol, and poor performance in school. A sexually abused child would avoid getting undressed around others and eventually wear more layers of clothing. They tend to isolate from society, due to embarrassment. If the abuse occurs at home, sexually abused children find ways to isolate themselves and avoid home as much as possible. In addition, children would draw and make up stories involving sexual deeds, and act out seductive pleasures. Another effect that sexually abused children may encounter is emotional issues. They follow a depression stage that causes them to have suicidal thoughts. They feel as if no one loves them and that they are the ones to blame. Their self-esteem levels decrease drastically, including the amount of confidence they have in their future relationships. The lack of trust plays a huge part in their role as a sexu... Free Essays on Sexual Abuse Free Essays on Sexual Abuse Effects of Sexually Abused Children Sexual child abuse is one of the most impure acts done to a young individual. It indeed violates one’s most precious inner pride and outer glory. Sexual abuse occurs when an individual of more experience and knowledge forces a child to do things for sexual pleasure. Shamefully, the people they trust commit such vulgar acts. The abuse can either be physical or emotional, allowing certain behavioral patterns to form, making the young child feel uncomfortable in particular surroundings. â€Å"One out of every four children will be a victim of sexual abuse† (Sexual Assault Crisis Center’s Home Page). Sexual child abuse is a disturbing act that effects a young mind to corrupt into non-normal behavior, and untrustworthy relationships. One of the most effects of child abuse occurs in the child’s behavioral status. Many children experience disturbing sleeping patterns that can haunt them for as long as they live; making them feel unsafe even in their own beds. Others may develop inappropriate sexual interests, excessive use of drugs and alcohol, and poor performance in school. A sexually abused child would avoid getting undressed around others and eventually wear more layers of clothing. They tend to isolate from society, due to embarrassment. If the abuse occurs at home, sexually abused children find ways to isolate themselves and avoid home as much as possible. In addition, children would draw and make up stories involving sexual deeds, and act out seductive pleasures. Another effect that sexually abused children may encounter is emotional issues. They follow a depression stage that causes them to have suicidal thoughts. They feel as if no one loves them and that they are the ones to blame. Their self-esteem levels decrease drastically, including the amount of confidence they have in their future relationships. The lack of trust plays a huge part in their role as a sexu...

How To Write An Evaluation Essay, with Topics and Structure Elements

How To Write An Evaluation Essay, with Topics and Structure Elements Writing an Evaluation Essay Outline example Topics list When defining an evaluation essay, some people think of it as a review while others think of it as a type of a critical essay. Both sets of definitions are not wrong, but lack the key attributes of what an evaluation essay is. An evaluation essay encompasses some attributes of critical essays as well as reviews, but tends to be specific and follows a different method of writing. Evaluation essays are written to help demonstrate the qualities or lack thereof of a specific product such as qualities of a famous restaurant in town, a vacation site, a book, a film, etc. An author’s stance on something needs to be clearly established and backed by enough evidence to sway the mind of the readers. Evaluation essay writing often comes out as opinionated, and to a large extent, some authors think that they are supposed to be like that. However, contrary to popular belief, evaluation essays should not come across as opinionated in whichever instance. Authors need to ensure that their pie ces or articles are well-reasoned, unbiased and help readers to evaluate the options before them objectively. The main difference between a critical essay or review and an evaluation essay is the one which is supposed to develop or have criteria when writing an evaluation paper. Developing a criterion is indeed of the essence because it ensures that one’s paper is not opinionated but delivers an unbiased account. A criterion can be defined as the ideal property of a product or place or even a service, and having this means that the writer has a basis for their comparison. For example, if one is writing an evaluation essay on a famous restaurant in town, it would be important to establish a criterion first. Such a criteria would involve things like the quality of service offered, the quality of food offered, the restaurant’s cleanliness, waiters, and waitress’s attitude as well as time taken to get an order after placing one. Having such a basic and public criteria upon which comparisons are drawn ensures that the final paper will only entail an objective account. Structure Elements When writing an evaluation essay, it is important to remember that there are three important and necessary parts. They include the criteria, the judgment, and finally the evidence. For a student’s essay to be termed as complete, these parts must be included and clearly established independently. The criteria as stated above is the ideal picture of what the product should be. The criteria should be something that the audience relates to and can agree with. The judgment is the author’s opinion on the product. Whatever that one says here must be supported by sufficient evidence and hence the third and final part. These three parts, if approached and tackled well, will indeed ensure that paper is not only objective but credible enough. In some occasions, writers have let their feelings get a hold of them, and the results have been devastatingly bad. It is, therefore, essential to ensure that each part is accurately and impartially developed. When looking at most evaluation essay writing guides, the most common thing one notices is the fact that evaluation essays use the five-paragraph essay format. An evaluation essay outline should hence have an introduction, the main body section, and finally a conclusion. As always in the introduction, the writer is expected to include a thesis statement which is the writer’s judgment or evaluation of the product or subject. The criteria should also be included in the introduction. In the main body, the writer is expected to include points that best describe or support their judgment while referencing their criterion. Finally, the conclusion paragraph, first of all, must give the indication that the writer has come to an end and then close the discussion. Evaluation essay outlining is essential because it gifts one with the opportunity of having their points delineated first and then discussed while maintaining the writer’s main point. Below is an example of an outline for an evaluation essay with the title being KFC – good or awful fast-food restaurant. KFC – good or awful fast-food restaurant Introduction Topic sentence – introduces KFC and gives a brief background information about the restaurant. Thesis statement – the paper’s premise or author’s stance will be declared here, and in this case, it will entail supporting the fact that KFC is indeed a good fast-food restaurant. The last bit of the introduction will involve a list of the criteria that should be used as a yardstick to help cement the position of KFC being a good fast-food restaurant. (Food quality, cleanliness, time taken to order and be served staff’s attitude) Main Body Paragraph 1 – The quality of the food is either the best or top five in town. Paragraph 2 – Cleanliness of KFC’s fast-food joints is also a plus or the restaurant. Paragraph 3 – Staff’s attitude has been a point of discussion for quite a while, and KFC’s staff has been touted as warm, welcoming, and courteous. Paragraph 4 – Time taken to order and to be served is not long. In some occasions, depending on the number of orders, one might wait longer, but they always notify their customers. Conclusion A summary of the essay as well as the main points, including the thesis statement must be included. When writing an evaluation essay introduction, it is important to remember the clichà © terms of brief, concise, and direct. In some occasions, writers forget and end up including a lot of information in their introduction. On such occasions, duplication of points as a result of getting stuck becomes the order of the entire essay. It is, therefore, essential to remember to be brief, concise, and direct at all times. A thesis statement is a part of the introduction. In the thesis statement, the author’s stance or the article’s premise must be clearly outlined. Readers need to know the writer’s focus or line of thought as early as possible. It is hence important to include a clearly defined thesis statement. When writing the body paragraphs, it is crucial to remember that they are only building upon the author’s thesis statement and one should hence avoid drifting. As already stated, evaluation essays take after the five-paragraph essays and will on most occasions have five to six sentences in a paragraph. Transition words, for example, firstly, secondly, additionally, moreover, subsequently, etc. must be used to usher in the next point. An evaluation essay conclusion paragraph sums up the entire essay. Here, some of the transitional words that are used include lastly, in conclusion, ultimately, finally, etc. These help when writing a conclusion for an evaluation essay because they make it clear to the readers that the essay has indeed come to an end. A summary of the essay’s thesis statement as well as the essay’s main points should be included. Finalizing Essay When writing a  perfect essay, regardless of the type, starting with a draft is necessary. Preparing an evaluation essay draft is easy because one does not need to be thorough but only create something that will help complete the task. Human is to make errors, and everyone makes some mistakes when writing. The above makes essay revision and proofreading the necessary steps before submission. Submitting an essay with grammatical or contextual errors is indeed planning to fail. Once complete, it is hard not to find grammatical, punctuational, and style errors. To correct these, one can involve their friends and ask them to identify any errors or ask their family members to read and give their genuine opinion. Evaluation Essay Topics List Evaluation essay topics vary and can easily be found online. First of all, topic selection is an important part that must be taken seriously. When selecting a topic, students should ensure that they are selecting topics that are interesting to them. The above is because it will give them an easy time to find the content and also allow them to make a value judgment on the product/service/place. Below are examples of good evaluation essay topics: Evaluate your favorite movie. Evaluate your favorite sport. Evaluate your favorite satirical news show. Evaluate the services offered by Netflix. Evaluate Bitcoin and the prospect of it being the future of money. Evaluate the role of African Americans during the American Civil war. Evaluate the US’s foreign policy. Evaluate Russia’s response to Obama’s administration of suspending Russian delegates. Examine how media affects the minds of children. Examine the effects of social media on physical relationships. Evaluate your favorite music band. Examine the Shakespeare’s contribution to literature. Evaluate the movie Mission Impossible 3. Evaluate the current educational system in South Korea. Examine the current EU agenda towards reducing the issue of refugees. Evaluate the world’s preparedness to dealing with nuclear warfare. Evaluate the actions being taken to encourage cohesion among the different religions. Evaluate the actions being taken by the US government to ensure that all races co-exist peacefully. Evaluate the US government’s actions to counter and fight terrorism. Examine the US government’s justification of the use of surveillance systems. Evaluate money laundering and its effect on a country’s economy. Examine Chicago’s policies on the homeless.

Ways of Knowing and the Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ways of Knowing and the Truth - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the quest for knowledge and its acquisition since time immemorial, continues till date, because, knowledge has helped man conduct his life better and thereby empowered him in many ways. Therefore, it is not very surprising that a number of philosophers and thinkers of the past have been pre-occupied by the concept of Knowledge. While some may hold that knowledge is nothing but the truth, some others have given importance to the various branches of Knowledge and their applications, and quite a few other philosophers have pondered over the epistemology itself, regarding its sources; constituent elements; ways of acquiring knowledge, and so on. It is useful to get acquainted with epistemology. This is because human beings are surrounded in daily life by a multitude of challenges that require them to be aware of their own cultural, linguistic, financial, moral and ethical principles which influence their day-to-day decisions.   Interesti ngly, there has been no single, direct answer to the question â€Å"what is meant by ‘truth’?   In the New Testament, Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor, asks Jesus Christ what the latter had done in order to be brought before him. To this Jesus refers to the concept of truth thus, implying that it - ‘Truth’ exists as an independent entity, â€Å"You †¦ I am a king. For this reason, I was born, and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth; everyone on the side of truth listens to me;† to which Pilate questions Christ "What is the truth?"... "Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl that showeth best by day; but it will not rise to the price of a diamond, or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights" (Bacon 1). Here Bacon too, does not deal with the concept of truth directly, but through the use of analogy of pearl. Bacon implicates that pure form truth does have its value and glow, which is compared to the subdued lustre of pearls whereas half-truths or truth when mixed with a bit of lies is more attractive, like the glitter of a diamond. Bertrand Russell in "Truth and Falsehood" in his Problems of Philosophy, puts forward the "correspondence" theory of truth; this states that 'truth is the understanding that results from the manner in which one's belief's describe reality; and therefore, truth is "a belief is true when there is a corresponding fact, and is false when there is no corresponding fact." (cited in Reading For Philosophical Inquiry: A Brief Introduction, p. 2). Plato initially theorized that 'knowledge' or in order 'to know' something, three conditions - called the "Conditions of Knowledge," namely a) it should be true; 2) One should consciously believe it; and 3) sufficient evidence should justify it (Southwell 4). This is referred to as the "tripartite theory of knowledge" or "knowledge" is "justified true belief" (Holt 1). There are two theories associated with the source of Knowledge: 1) Empiricism, and 2) Rationalism (Holt 1). The first theory states that knowledge gained is mainly based in experience, and second theory holds that knowledge is gained, based mainly on logical thinking and reason. Regarding the ways or means of knowing, there are four ways of knowing, given by philosophy, the nature, merits and demerits of which are worthy of discussion. The Four

Micro-structure of ceramic, polymer and composite material Assignment

Micro-structure of ceramic, polymer and composite material - Assignment Example According to Whitney (2000), ceramic structures come in a variety and each structure has its own unique properties. For instance, some are very high thermal conductors while some don’t conduct heat at all but they possess other properties. Micro structures of Ceramics also vary in nature as some are pure glass, some crystalline and others are a combination of the two. Ceramics with glassy structures have properties that differ from metallic structures, and the difference in these properties is the atomic structure of the glass (Russell, 2009). Silica is the most common products that makeup glass where when it is fused together then placed in cold temperatures; the glass is formed. The main advantage of ceramic glass is its ability to be made into different shapes when it is still a soft plastic. Ceramics in crystalline form have the metallic and non-metallic atoms which should be balanced for the crystals to be made. During the crystallization, the arrangements in ions mainly determine the manner in which cells will be arranged. Whitney (2000) outlines that crystal structures are neutral in nature and the structures are closely parked together. These ceramics combines the properties of other materials to create a complete product, and they are hard in nature and mechanically stable. According to (Russell, 2009) Nitride ceramics are mainly used to cut wood materials due to their hardness. The process of making nitride ceramics is an irreversible process because of the arrangement in the lattices that are interchangeable. One of the main disadvantages of ceramics is the presence of impurities in the metals, and this affects its formation. There are also some defects that affect the neutrality of the atoms and these defects are, as a result displacement of atoms from their positions, therefore, creating a vacuum. Other shortcomings of ceramics are the formation of solids that lack clear chemical formulae due to their

Strategic Plan to Reduce Falls and all Realated Injuries on the Essay

Strategic Plan to Reduce Falls and all Realated Injuries on the Alzhiemers Disease Unit - Essay Example As the AD progresses, complex motor sequences become disorder, and this issue increases the victims’ risk of falling. In the advanced stage, AD patients will be completely dependent on their caregivers. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), falls and fall related injuries constituted the leading cause of both fatal and nonfatal injuries among older adults in 2010 (CDC). This paper will introduce a strategic plan to reduce falls and all related injuries in Alzheimer Disease Unit. The occurrence of falls in AD victims is very frequent and this problem results in dreadful consequences like fractures, cognitive decline, and lack of independence. Many studies have identified the fatal consequences of falls among AD patients with intend to develop potential prevention/intervention strategies. Statistical data from an Alzheimer’s disease unit in a nursing home in Chicago indicate that there have been 6-7 hips surgeries and one death resulting from fall over the last two months. According to Alzheimer’s Association (2013), 26% of the AD related hospitalizations in 2013 could be attributed to syncope, fall, and trauma. Orcioli-Silva, Simieli, Barbieri, Stella, & Gobbi1 (2012) reflect that as compared to healthy elders, elderly people with AD are highly vulnerable to falls, falling nearly 4-5 times a year. Referring to various studies, the authors add that ‘touched or stumbled on the obstacles’ constitute one of the leading causes of falls in AD patients. High cognitive load in AD patients causes motor changes, which in turn leads to decreased automated motor of gait and increased risk of falling. Kato-Narita and Radanovic (2009) clearly state that â€Å"elderly with dementia have a doubled to threefold risk for the occurrence of falls, probably due to motor impairment, attentional deficits, use of psychotropic medication, and behavioral

Annotated Bibliography, Plagiarism, and Research 1 Essay

Annotated Bibliography, Plagiarism, and Research 1 - Essay Example The Chinese army is the largest army in the world with an active 2.3 million soldiers in conjunction to o.8 million reserve soldiers followed closely by Indian army with a whooping 1.3 million active soldiers in conjunction to a reserve army of 2.1 million soldiers (Lengel, 2007). The regular army entails the ones under standardized doctrines, organizations, and uniforms. The irregular armies resulted from elite militia or a slow growth of personal bodyguards. The Spartan army formed the earliest professional armies in the world whereby the boys were sent to the barracks until at the age of thirty when they could come out to marry and lead a family life; men were committed to war up to the age of sixty when they could retire. The army is a disciplined force and therefore it is not expected to have indiscipline cases. However, most forces in various countries have the paramilitary police that take care of the misconducts that are experienced in the army forces since the regular police have no mandate in most cases to arrest and the army is not usually arraigned in a civil court. The nonjudicial punishment, NJP, is utilized to maintain discipline in the military force through punishments administered by the senior military officers to the junior officers who are involved in indiscipline forces without court trial; it is usually instant like in the case of a salary cut or lowering of the military rank (Steihm, 2012). The senor military personnel tend to be the highest number of military professionals who are involved in military misconduct ranging from staging coup de tat to sexual harassment. The following reference materials were used in the finalization of this research paper: Light, M. (2011). The Navy’s Moral Compass: Commanding Officers and Personal Misconduct. Retrieved on 16/12/2012 from http://www.dtic.mil/cgi- bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA553001 The author has dealt with the rising cases of the United State of America’s Navy officials being fired due to personal misconduct ranging from the year 2000 to 2011. The research proposes that the constant problem is systematic, resulting from the symptomatic Navy cultural issues in conjunction to the society’s confusing context which has combined with the failure to effectively setting and upholding a standardized ethical code within the military service. It proposes the measures that should be put in place and implemented to reduce the cases of the misconduct in the army. They include, the need to adjust the policy adjustments, personnel and training processes with the aim of stemming the tide of the commanding officers being involved in personal misconduct. The further recommendations were aimed at elevating the problem to emphasize the need for change, refining of navy core values in conjunction to the modification of the fitness report in relation to the addressing of the moral characters. Stiehm, J. (2012). The US Military: A Basic Introduction. 1st ed. New York: Routledge. Print. The author’s aim is to sensitize the citizens on the role of the army and the rights and roles they are entitled to so that when they go overboard, they wrongs can be backtracked for the maintenance of the rule of law in the world. The roles and expectations of the soldiers are clear stated in relation to their ranks in the

Literacy evidence questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literacy evidence questions - Coursework Example Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation that would fit in the blank. Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation that would fit in the blank. Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation... People find a prince "praiseworthy" who keeps his promises and lives with sincerity and not with trickery. Question 3 (2 points)Save The following passage is from The Prince, by Niccolo Machiavelli. Imagine that it appears on page 92 of a literary anthology. How praiseworthy a prince is who keeps his promises and lives with sincerity and not with trickery, everybody realizes. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation that would fit in the blank. Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. According to Machiavelli, a prince who "keeps his promises and lives with sincerity" is recognized as a praiseworthy prince. Question 4 (2 points)Save The following passage is from The Prince, by Niccolo Machiavelli. Imagine that it appears on page 92 of a literary anthology. How praiseworthy a prince is who keeps his promises and lives with sincerity and not with trickery, everybody realizes. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation that would fit in the blank. Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. Everyone knows, says Machiavelli, that a prince who keeps

Annotated Bibliography, Plagiarism, and Research 1 Essay

Annotated Bibliography, Plagiarism, and Research 1 - Essay Example The Chinese army is the largest army in the world with an active 2.3 million soldiers in conjunction to o.8 million reserve soldiers followed closely by Indian army with a whooping 1.3 million active soldiers in conjunction to a reserve army of 2.1 million soldiers (Lengel, 2007). The regular army entails the ones under standardized doctrines, organizations, and uniforms. The irregular armies resulted from elite militia or a slow growth of personal bodyguards. The Spartan army formed the earliest professional armies in the world whereby the boys were sent to the barracks until at the age of thirty when they could come out to marry and lead a family life; men were committed to war up to the age of sixty when they could retire. The army is a disciplined force and therefore it is not expected to have indiscipline cases. However, most forces in various countries have the paramilitary police that take care of the misconducts that are experienced in the army forces since the regular police have no mandate in most cases to arrest and the army is not usually arraigned in a civil court. The nonjudicial punishment, NJP, is utilized to maintain discipline in the military force through punishments administered by the senior military officers to the junior officers who are involved in indiscipline forces without court trial; it is usually instant like in the case of a salary cut or lowering of the military rank (Steihm, 2012). The senor military personnel tend to be the highest number of military professionals who are involved in military misconduct ranging from staging coup de tat to sexual harassment. The following reference materials were used in the finalization of this research paper: Light, M. (2011). The Navy’s Moral Compass: Commanding Officers and Personal Misconduct. Retrieved on 16/12/2012 from http://www.dtic.mil/cgi- bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA553001 The author has dealt with the rising cases of the United State of America’s Navy officials being fired due to personal misconduct ranging from the year 2000 to 2011. The research proposes that the constant problem is systematic, resulting from the symptomatic Navy cultural issues in conjunction to the society’s confusing context which has combined with the failure to effectively setting and upholding a standardized ethical code within the military service. It proposes the measures that should be put in place and implemented to reduce the cases of the misconduct in the army. They include, the need to adjust the policy adjustments, personnel and training processes with the aim of stemming the tide of the commanding officers being involved in personal misconduct. The further recommendations were aimed at elevating the problem to emphasize the need for change, refining of navy core values in conjunction to the modification of the fitness report in relation to the addressing of the moral characters. Stiehm, J. (2012). The US Military: A Basic Introduction. 1st ed. New York: Routledge. Print. The author’s aim is to sensitize the citizens on the role of the army and the rights and roles they are entitled to so that when they go overboard, they wrongs can be backtracked for the maintenance of the rule of law in the world. The roles and expectations of the soldiers are clear stated in relation to their ranks in the

Medical ethics (abortion) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical ethics (abortion) - Research Paper Example The reason that the concept of abortion is so controversial is because of the conflicting nature of religious beliefs and society. This was highly disputed in the case of Roe vs. Wade which was an attempted by officials to legalize the use of abortion in the United States. The controversy relied on the concept that a child is innately alive from conception. Therefore, the abortion of the child would be considered euthanasia or murder. Other proponents for abortion argued that a fetus is no aware up to a certain point in conception, therefore it could be medically feasible to discharge a the fetus if it was the mother’s choice. Even though there are physiological consequences to abortion, but there are also a numerous number of consequences that can result psychologically. Even though some mothers may see abortion as a medical option for a way out of having a child, there are many studies, which show it can cause more damage psychologically. Many different types of research have show that depression, higher anxiety, and feelings of sadness result from the abortion of a child. This can pervade all of their behavior, which can lead to alcoholism, drug abuse, suicide, and other forms of self-destructive behavior. There are two methods by which abortion can occur. The first requires the use of pharmaceuticals. It requires the oral uptake of mifepristone that terminates the pregnancy. There is a certain window of time that a woman has the opportunity to take the pill before other methods are to be used. The pill has a 97% effective rate of terminating an unwanted pregnancy. The medication has been tested by the FDA and has been deemed safe for women to use, however there are certain side effects that can be expected when taking the risk. Many women choose this option because they believe that it will provide more privacy as there is a stigma associated with abortion as well as gives them more control over the process. Once the time window for

The food Pip Essay Example for Free

The food Pip Essay Magwitch had been sent to Australia to work, and if he ever returned to Britain he would be sentenced for death. Pip did not expect a convict to be his benefactor he couldnt image such a dirty, poor, old man to give him that much amount of money. He wanted to get rid of Magwitch as soon as possible. However pip develops a real affection for Magwitch. Magwitch tell pip about Compeyson the man who made Miss Havisham the way she is. Pip gradually becomes fond of Magwitch. Pip tries to help Magwitch by smuggling him out of London by sea. As they were doing this they were being watched by Compeyson- who is terrified of Magwitch. As they are about to get on to the steamer, Magwitch fights Compeyson the two men fall in to the sea in the struggle Compeyson drowns. Pip dives in to the sea to rescue Magwitch. Once they are on dry land the escape failed and Magwitch is found guilty of returning to England. He was sentenced to death but he was dying anyway. He had caught something in the polluted sea; he swallowed the dirty water and became ill. Pip nurses Magwitch and starts to love Magwitch. Pip learns that Magwitch grew up without parents in a brutal society. Society did little for him. He blames society it forced him into becoming involved with some dodgy people. By Magwitch returning pip realises that he has mistreated those who were truly dear to him, like Joe who is always faithful towards Pip. The courts are incapable of showing compassion. Magwitch came back to Britain out of love for Pip. Eventually Pip learns that Magwitch has been generous towards him so he feels the need to return it. Pip realises that Magwitch is also human. Pip understands the true depth of the sacrifice that Magwitch has made for him. Pip is made to un-learn every thing that he has learnt to re-discover the importance of human relations. Dickens gave pip a chance to become more than he is only to have reverted back to the old kind and pleasant Pip. Pip learns that he cannot change who he is inside from Magwitch. Magwitch uses Pip as his revenge on Society. He uses pip like a doll and moulded it into a gentleman. Compeyson got a lighter sentence because of his status he wanted pip to have the same advantage. Dickens tries to tell us something about the legal system at the time in the twentieth century. However Magwitch s motives were not only revenge but also gratitude for the food Pip gave him. Pip could have turned a blind eye to Magwitch when he was in his hour of need. Magwitch develops a fatherly affection towards Pip. Magwitch relates pip to his daughter who he lost. Magwitch though that his little girl had been killed but pip told him that she was well and he was in love with her. Magwitch teaches pip that there are two meanings behind the term Gentleman 1. Is the status and class.

Salinity Responsiveness in Finger Millet Analysis

Salinity Responsiveness in Finger Millet Analysis Introduction Salinity represents a strong limitation for agricultural production worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid and restricts efficient utilization of available land resources. It is estimated that about 7% of world agricultural land that nearly one half of the total area of irrigated land could be adversely affected by salinization (Kosova 2013). Most of the cereal crops are sensitive to salinity and have limited amount of genetic variation for salinity tolerance in their germplasm. Hence genetic improvement of crops for their tolerance against salinity will be helpful in achieving targeted food production to meet the demands of growing population. Conventional plant breeding approaches have resulted in limited success in developing salt tolerant crop varieties due to multigenic nature of salt tolerance mechanisms and presence of low genetic variation in major crops. Another problem associated with conventional breeding is that if the gene is present in a wild relative of the crop, there is difficulty in transferring it to the domesticated cultivar, due to reproductive barriers and linkage drag. Recently, substantial progress in elucidation of salt tolerance mechanisms, especially salt ion signaling and transport, has been achieved due to utilization of modern genetic approaches and high-throughput methods of functional genomics. Genetic engineering has been demonstrated to be successful in developing salt tolerant crop plants (Zhang et al. 2001; Su and Wu 2004; Zhang et al. 2001). Genetic engineering strategies targeting various metabolic pathways viz., accumulation of osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes and up regulation of genes involved in stress responses like ion transporters, ion channels, transcriptional factors and various signaling pathway components have resulted in production of genetically modified crop plants exhibiting improved level of salinity tolerance (Turan et al. 2012). Identifying novel genes, analyzing their expression patterns in response to salt stress and determination of their potential functions in salt stress adaptation will provide the basis for effective genetic engineering strategies to enhance tolerance against salt stress (Cushman and Bohnert 2000). Responses against salinity stress involve many molecular processes such as ion homeostasis (membrane proteins involved in ionic transport), osmotic adjustment and water regime regulation (osmolytes) and scavenging of toxic compounds (Munns and Tester 2008). During recent years, considerable attention has been given towards elucidating the molecular basis of salt tolerance in crop plants. Several important pathways involved in salinity tolerance have been identified in model plants like Arabidopsis and rice (Zhu 2003; Walia et al. 2005; Cotsaftis et al. 2011). It is hypothesized that exploitation of halophytes or distantly related crops or wild progenitors of cereal food crops exhibiting superior levels of salinity tolerance may lead to identification of novel metabolic pathways/mechanisms/genes involved in modulating salinity stress tolerance in crop plants. Several research groups are working on understanding mechanisms of salinity tolerance in Pennisetum glaucum (Mishra et al. 2007), Avecinnia marina (Mehta et al. 2005), Porteresia coarctata (Garg et al. 2014) with a view to identify novel genes for genetic engineering of salinity tolerance in crop plants. But much more concerted efforts are needed to identify and exploit diverse crop species exhibiting superior level of salinity tolerance which will help in identifying novel genes associated with salinity tolerance. Finger millet (Eleusine coracanaL.) is an important minor cereal crop widely grown in Africa and Asia, known for its high degree of tolerance against drought, salinity and blast disease (Shailaja and Thirumeni 2007; Agarwal et al. 2011). Investigating the mechanisms and pathways involved in salt-tolerance of finger millet could facilitate better understanding of the molecular basis of salt tolerance and therefore enable the effective use of genetic and genomic approaches to improve salt tolerance in major cultivated crops. Although a wide range of significant physiological mechanisms and genetic adaptations to salinity stress has been observed, the underlying mechanisms of salt-tolerance in plants are still poorly understood. The best possible approach to explore tolerance mechanisms is to compare the components involved in stress response in tolerant as compared to sensitive plants. The other alternative to overcome this limitation would be to pick up some selected conserved genes w hich may be used to perform limited transcriptome analysis among the diverse genotypes. With this background, we planned to understand the physiological and molecular basis of salinity responsiveness in finger millet in comparison to the major cereal food crop, rice. Comparative physiological studies were conducted with a view to prove the superiority of finger millet genotypes over rice in terms of salinity tolerance. Two contrasting finger millet genotypes were used for physiological studies and expression analysis of already identified salinity responsive genes was done. This is the first study conducted to compare molecular basis of salinity tolerance in finger millet with rice. Material and Method Genetic Materials Used Seeds of two contrasting genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa) {FL478 (tolerant), White Ponni (Susceptible)} and finger millet (Eleusine coracona) {Trichy 1 (tolerant), CO12 (Susceptible)} in terms of salinity tolerance were evaluated for their responses against salinity stress under greenhouse conditions. Nucleus seeds of rice genotypes were obtained from Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India and finger millet genotypes were obtained from Millet Breeding Station of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Effect of salinity stress during germination Contrasting genotypes of rice {FL478 (tolerant), White Ponni (Susceptible)} and finger millet {Trichy 1 (tolerant), CO12 (Susceptible)} genotypes were assessed for their ability to germinate under salinity stress. Twenty seeds of both rice and finger millet genotypes were allowed for germination under different concentrations of NaCl solutions (0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM NaCl solution) in petri-dishes with adequate replications. Germination percentage was calculated based on the number of seeds successfully germinated and vigor index was calculated based on the shoot length and root length on 10th day of germination. Effect of salinity stress during vegetative stage Imposition of salinity stress Contrasting genotypes of rice and finger millet genotypes (three seedlings per pot) were grown in perforated pots of 15 cm diameter and 20 cm height (having 3–5 mm holes on the side walls and bottom) filled with 2 kg of field soil mixed with required amount of fertilizer [1.25 g of (NH4)2SO4, 0.08 g Muriate of potash (KCl), and 0.08 g single superphosphate (SSP)]. Three pots were placed inside a large tray containing irrigation water and grown up to 20 days under greenhouse conditions. Plants were grown during June–August when air temperature ranged from 26 to 34  °C during the day and from 20 to 27  °C during the night and relative humidity ranged from 60 to 80 %. Salinity stress was imposed on 21st day when plant has reached to 5 leaf stage by adding desired concentrations of NaCl viz. 150 mM and 300 mM along with suitable control pots irrigated with normal water. Progression of salinity stress was monitored by periodically measuring the electrical conductivity (E C) of soil (from pot) and water (collected from tray) samples collected from both control and salinity stressed trays. Physiological and biochemical responses of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes under salinity stress Contrasting genotypes of rice viz., FL478 (tolerant) and White Ponni (susceptible) and finger millet viz., CO 12 (susceptible) and Trichy 1 (tolerant) were evaluated for their physiological and biochemical responses viz., osmotic tolerance ability, salt accumulation pattern and sugar accumulation pattern during salinity stress. Measurement of Osmotic tolerance ability For assessing the osmotic tolerance ability of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes, freshly emerged leaf (5-6cm) was marked and increase in leaf length was measured at every 24hrs interval during the initial 6 days of salinity stress along with control plants. Terminal leaf elongation rate per day (24 h) was calculated based on the observations recorded. Salt accumulation pattern Salt (Na+ and K+) uptake, transport and accumulation pattern of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes was assessed by determining the (Na+ and K+) contents in shoots and top 3 leaves collected under normal and salinity stress conditions. Tissue samples collected at 21 DAS (days after stress) were washed with de-ionized water, dried in a hot air oven (70  °C) and then ground into fine powder. Ground samples were digested with triple acid mixture (sulfuric acid, perchloric acid and nitric acid in the ratio 9:2:1 v/v). Na+ and K+) concentrations in the triple acid digested extract were estimated using Flame Photometer (Elico, CL378). Determination of total soluble sugar content Total soluble sugar (TSS) content in the top three leaves of control and salinity stressed plants (21 days after stress) of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes was determined using anthrone reagent method (Yemm and Willis 1954). Fresh leaf sample (100 mg) was ground in liquid nitrogen and pigments were removed using acetone extraction. TSSs were extracted in 80 % ethanol and were estimated by the anthrone reagent method using glucose as the standard. Other physiological responses of contrasting finger millet genotypes to salinity stress Gas exchange parameters were recorded in the third leaf (from top) of control and salinity stressed plants of rice and finger millet genotypes between 1000 hours and 1200 noon at 11 DAS (days after stress) using LI-COR 6400-XT photosynthesis system (LI-COR Biosciences, Nebraska, USA). The instrument was set with the following conditions: photo-synthetically active radiation 1,500  µmol of photon m−2s−1; ambient levels of CO2 and temperature; leaf area 3 cm2 and flow rate of 500  µmol s−1. RNA isolation, Northern blotting and hybridization Expression analysis of already reported salinity responsive candidate genes in response to salinity stress in the leaves of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes were studied by northern blotting. Top 3 leaves of both rice and finger millet genotypes were collected and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen from both control and stressed plant (300mM NaCl) when susceptible rice variety viz. White Ponni has shown salinity symptoms i.e., 11 days after salinity stress. Total RNA was isolated from stressed and control leaf samples using One Step RNA Reagent (Biobasic Inc., Canada) as per manufacturer’s protocol. The integrity of RNA was assessed by formaldehyde agarose gel electrophoresis. Total RNA was quantified using Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA). 20ug of RNA mixed with RNA loading dye (1:1) was denatured at 75à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 10mins and separated on denaturing agarose gel as described by Streit et al. (2008). The gel was stained with ethidium bromide and photographed. Gel was processed and RNAs were transferred to positively charged nylon membrane (Pal Corporation) using 20XSSC buffer. After capillary transfer to the membrane, RNAs were fixed by exposing the membrane to UV cross linker (Hoeffer, Piscataway). DNA fragment of candidate genes to be used as probe were isolated from rice cloned in pTZ57R TA cloning vector and confirmed by sequencing. Double-stranded probes were radioactively labelled with (ÃŽ ±-32P) dCTP using DecaLabel DNA Labeling kit (Fermentas) and probes were purified using Sephadex G-50 spin column (GE Healthcare). Radiolabelled probes were denatured on boiling water bath snap cooled on ice and used for hybridization as described by Streit et al. (2008). RNA blots were pre-hybridized in ULTRAhyb ® at 45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 4–8 h. The blots were hybridized with 32P-labelled denatured probes at 45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °Cfor 20 h in the same but fresh buffer. The blots were initially w ashed at room temperature with 2XSSC and 0.1% SDS followed by twice wash with 1XSSC and 0.1%SDS at 45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 20 min each. The blots were initially washed at room temperature with 2XSSC and 0.1% SDS for 30 min and then washed with different stringencies for different probes to decrease background. Hybridized membrane were dried on blotting paper and exposed to Kodak XAE-5 film with cassette having Kodak intensifying screen for 1–6 d. The resulting radiograms were scanned in an LKB 2201 densitometric scanner. Results Effect of salinity stress on rice and finger millet genotypes during germination stage Screening of contrasting genotypes of both rice and finger millet against salinity stress at germination stage revealed the superiority of finger millet over rice in terms of salinity tolerance at germination stage. At lower concentration of salinity stress (i.e 50mM NaCl) the susceptible genotypes of both finger millet (CO12) and rice (White ponni) has shown better germination percentage and vigor index as compared to tolerant genotypes. Tolerant rice genotype FL478 was found to possess better germination percentage (35 ±2.9%) and vigor index (128.2 ±10.6) in comparison to susceptible White Ponni where germination percent and vigor index was found to be 16.7 ±1.7% and 70.9 ±7.1 respectively. Both finger millet genotypes i.e. CO12 and Trichy1 has shown almost similar germination percent and vigor index at 100mM of NaCl stress. Both rice genotypes (viz. FL476 and White Ponni) did not show any germination beyond 100 mM NaCl stress (Table 1); whereas both susceptible (CO12) and tolerant (Trichy 1) finger millet genotypes were able to germinate even at 300 mM NaCl stress (Table 1). At 300 mM NaCl stress Trichy 1 has shown better germination percent (40.0 ±1.6) and vigor index (32.0 ±1.3) as compared to CO 12 germination percent (24.4 ±0.9) and vigor index 24.4 ±0.9.

Essay on Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Joseph Heller's narration, dialogue, and characterization in Catch-22 all create a unique perspective of war and our society's bureaucracy. The satire, sarcasm, irony, and general absurdity of the novel provide a view of the irrationality of man's behavior. The horror that is portrayed in Catch-22 is intensified by the humorous way in which it is portrayed. Distortion and exaggeration highlight the characters and scenario while magnifying the confusion. Parallel structure and repetition serve to reinforce the novel's themes.    The most important and prevalent aspects of Heller's style are satire, sarcasm, and irony. Heller pokes fun at the faults of society. At the same time, this humor emphasizes Heller's social commentary much more effectively than he could by simply coming out and stating his opinion.    Satire is particularly important in Catch-22. It is often used to highlight the idiocy of the military hierarchy. It also conveys a sense of humor that opposes and intensifies the dark seriousness of the book.    Language is also satirized when Heller makes fun of the "official" jargon used by military personnel. Sarcasm could be considered a counterpart of satire. The characters portrayed in the novel use sarcasm profusely. The author's view is made clear with the blatant sarcasm used by both Yossarian and the narrator: "...how much reverence can you have for a supreme Being who finds it necessary to include such phenomena as phlegm and tooth decay in His divine system of creation?"( 98)    Irony is another important aspect of the novel. Irony is an integral part of the "Catch-22" philosophy. The irony of the "catch" is that it perpetuates itsel... ... in the novel. For example:    "I'm cold," Snowden said softly. "I'm cold" "You're going to be all right, kid," Yossarian reassured him with a grin. "You're going to be all right." "I'm cold," Snowden said again in a frail, childlike voice. "I'm cold." "There, there," Yossarian said, because he did not know what else to say. "There, there." "I'm cold," Snowden whispered. "I'm cold." "There, there. There, there."    All of these aspects of style come together very well. They play off of each other and are combined easily and appropriately. It is this culmination of styles that makes Catch-22 so effective.    Works Cited and Consulted Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. New York. Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Kennard, Jean E. "Joseph Heller: At War with Absurdity." Contemporary Literary Criticism.(75-87) Ed. Roger Matuz. Detroit:L Gale 1990.

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Es

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) 1. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), the Convention applies to treaties between states. 2. The Preamble enshrines the recognition of genocide as a crime that must be eradicated from the world within the conceptual framework of the Convention. The atrocities of history are declared as evidence of the substantial impact that genocide has had on humanity and to prevent these atrocities international co-operation is required. 3. Articles I and II, Article I which recognises genocide as an international crime in â€Å"time of peace or in time of war† which states undertake to â€Å"prevent† and â€Å"punish†. Article II defines the crime of genocide specifying â€Å"an intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group†. 4. Article IV through to Article IX; in particular Article V directs states to enact the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the Convention outlined in Articles I, II and III. Article VIII also provides for states to call upon the United Nations (UN) to take action for the prevention and suppression of the acts enumerated in Article III. While Article VI enshrines the role of tribunals in punishing the crime of genocide and hence enforcing Articles I, II and III. 5. Articles X and XI, the Convention was open for signature on 9 December 1948 until 31 December 1949, on behalf of any Member of the UN and of any non-member State to which an invitation to sign had been addressed by the General Assembly. 6. Article V asserts that states must enact the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the Convention. 7. Article XI, after 1 January 1950 the Convention ... ...al of International Law, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 1195-1222. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9 December 1948, 12 January 1951. Kelly, M. J. 2008, ‘â€Å"Genocide† – the power of a label’, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol. 40, p. 147-162. Sayapin, S. 2010, ‘Raphael Lemkin: A tribute’, The European Journal of International Law, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 1157-1162. Schabas, W. A. 1999, The genocide convention at fifty, US Institute of Peace, 7 January, 1999. Schabas, W. A. 2008, ‘Origins of the genocide convention: From Nuremburg to Paris’, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol. 40, p. 35-55. Scott, S. V. 2010, International law in world politics, 2nd edn, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., Colorado. Straus, S. 2005, ‘Darfur and the genocide debate’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 1, p. 123-133.

Key learning point Essay

Power refers to the extent to which one can satisfy their target goals, needs or desires. Power can be used either to dominate or control the other, or can be used to work together with the other party involved. Whichever way power is used it gives one an edge over the other party in negotiations. Information provides an important source and a means of acquiring power. Reason for Selection: Informational power comes from a person’s ability to assemble data to support his positions, arguments, or desired outcomes. This resource provides an important tool in challenging the other party’s position, or undermine their arguments or propositions during negotiations. Application to a business or personal situation: A year ago, I was talking to a doctor who was new at one of the centers I am marketing my pharmaceutical products. The doctor openly rubbished my product saying he had absolutely no scope for it in his medical practice basing his argument on the position of a respected doctor in the area of medicine in which my product is applied. What this doctor did not know is that from my market survey on my product and competitor brands momentum in the market, the doctor he claimed was the top prescriber of my product in that town . I provided the evidence and within a month I received a call from my manager that the doctor had placed an LPO for my product. Action or steps taken to improve: I read widely and extensively on new trends in my area of work; undertake market survey on different issues; seek the opinion of experts; attend seminars and conferences on various topics; and in general try to keep an open mind, maintain my curiosity about life and watch informative programs. References Squidoo (2010). A goldmine of journal Writing Prompts. Retrieved on 30th July, 2010, from http://www. squidoo. com/journalwritingprompts

Sub Prime Crisis

imeContent Page Sub prime crisis http://banking. about. com/od/mortgages/a/mortgagecrisis. htm http://www. lewrockwell. com/rozeff/rozeff203. html http://www. slideshare. net/satanic/subprime-crisis-presentation-785636 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Causes_of_the_2007%E2%80%932012_global_financial_crisis http://www. investopedia. com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse. asp http://ezinearticles. com/? Merrill-Lynch-and-the-Subprime-Mortgage-Market&id=1600761 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=kb6g3S4scy4 http://moneymorning. com/2008/09/22/credit-default-swaps-2/ ttp://money. cnn. com/2008/09/16/news/companies/aig_questions/index. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Credit_rating_agencies_and_the_subprime_crisis Discuss the cause of the Sub-Prime crisis and the parties responsible for causing such a crisis. There were different complex factors that may have contributed to the Sub-prime crisis during 2008-2009. They were easily associated with the investment banks and governm ent sponsored enterprise, such as Fannie Mae, on how to have dealt with their liquidity issues and Subprime mortgage loans that got them back-fired.One of the largest contributors to the expansion of the high-risk-loans was Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. When majority of the banks first started off with low credit interest and easy conditions loans, property was seen as an appreciating asset. Banks offered adjustable-rate-mortgage (ARMs) and Subprime loans to all kind of people with good or bad credits scores as they wanted higher revenue when they resell the bundled subprime mortgages called the Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and Mortgages-backed securities (MBS) to the other Investors around the world.The subprime crisis had shaken Northern Rock bank so badly that they had a hard time seeking help to keep the business going. The British banks Lloyds TSB group Plc had bought over HBOS Plc whom is the largest mortgage loans lenders. Bradford & Bingley took control over by UK Go vernment while their branches were taken over by Spain’s Santander. Germany struggled to save Hypo Real Estate while Nomura Holdings Inc was being bought over by Lehman’s franchise in many countries such as Europe, Asia Pac, Japan and Australia.The Crisis caused shockwaves and sent panic to the other neighbouring countries causing shares to drop sharply over a short period of time. Commercial Banks, investment banks, investors and people suffered great losses resulting in certain foreclosure or even bankruptcy. Large amount of loan was also taken from hedge funds to assist banks that are falling apart. When banks fell from its former glory, tons of people lost their jobs and banks became more cautions when dealing with any loans to business, properties or even to other banks.Traditionally, banks would go deep into analysing every single loan applicant, from their credit scores, to their employment details, net disposable income and even to check their ability to pay of f their mortgage loans before financing the applicant with sufficient funds to purchase their desirable property. Thorough checks had to be done before granting them with the loans as some of the applicants that came forward may have high probabilities of defaulting their loan or would leave for other competitions for loan which would eventually cause a property downturn in the market.These methods were often the safest choice but banks were restricted to their growth. The traditional methods were soon discarded by the newer generations. Hence, the newer generation were willing to take higher risk loans for higher revenues. Assuming that prices for property continue to appreciate, they would be enjoying higher profits thus willingly offered larger amount of loans at low interest rates to the borrowers. Before subprime mortgage was implemented, prime mortgages were sold to banks investors which they would bundle them up as CDOs and sell it to outside investors after securitising it.S ecuritization became a demand as it provides the opportunity for rating agencies to rate, or in another words to repackage or beautify those poor credit score investment assets from the collateral pool into AAA grade credit score investment assets. Investors whom are not well versed with these bundled subprime mortgages called the CDO were exposed to high risk investment unknowingly as they assumed that what they were handling was a group of people who have good credit scores.As banks at wallstreets began to greed, mortgage underwriting standards de-proved during this period where the banks failed in these 3 sectors; Failure to examine if the borrowers is able to repay the amount, implemented automated loan approval (which allows users to get through even without proper documentations) and fabricating information or fraud by both banks and applicants. This simply showed how devious and irresponsible the banks were when they try to gain huge profits through the loopholes of the poor standard mortgage underwritings over a short period of time.Studies showed that the difference between normal prime mortgage interests declined greatly comparing to subprime mortgages as Subprime mortgages offer better returns than the normal prime mortgages. The rise of the property increase greatly until the subprime mortgages began to default; after repaying of the first two years, Federal interest rate rose and adjusted. Subprime loaners soon encounter difficulties in refinancing their houses due to ARMs, which eventually led to foreclosure after a few warning letters.As the bank investors included Subprime mortgages, which are defaulted, in the CDOs they are dealing to the outside investors. The outside investors soon suffer losses as the CDOs became worthless over a short period of time and U. S property’s prices dipped as more foreclosure occurred. Economy was affected as few of these U. S. banks such as e. g. Peter Lehman which was refused by the Federal government to be bail out; Bear Stearns, an investment bank, which was acquired by J. P. Morgan Chase lost US$1. billion; Washington Mutual was closed by the US Government their assets was bought over by J. P Morgan Chase. With reference to President Obama speech on his take on banks â€Å"Too big to fail†, â€Å"The American people who are already struggling in their own right were forced to rescue financial firms facing crisis largely of their own creation†. The actual meaning of such is that the tax payers have become the safety net of the financial institutions which went into crisis and the tax payers are paying off their debt on behalf of them.President Obama also states that banks should not use tax payer’s money to trade for profit or abuse the funds coming from the tax payers as subsidy for investment. It is unfair to those tax payers as it will cause conflict of interest between the bank’s and the customers. President Obama also said that the Americans have to cut down on their luxuries to help in this crisis. The parties that are responsible for the crisis are, Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers Investment Bank, Merrill Lynch & Co and AIG. Bear Stearns used to be a conservative firm and see conservation as a defensive move.Eventually, they are discovered of risking the hedge funds for higher turn-over which they miscalculated investing huge amount (without setting aside a sum for event risk) in CDOs and insuring Credit default swaps (CDS) bonds in a short period of time and the cash back was too slow for them to have a turnover in time of crisis which brought them to their failure. To put it in a simpler way, they purchase CDOs that are deemed to be rated â€Å"AAA† by rating firms, sells them to investing banks (usually in bundles and at the cheaper rates) and then again sells them to investors.This allows the bank to free itself from the principles and interests they are getting for the borrowers gaining lump sum from the investor s, called Mortgage backed securities. The CDS bonds works with 3 parties which are the CDS buyer, the bond issuer and the CDS seller. Assuming that if bond defaults when the CDS issuer is unable to pay back the principle and the interests at the maturity date, the CDS buyer may pay a certain amount of interest to the CDS seller (for instances, Bear Stearns) to purchase a CDS as an insurance for the invested amount.Therefore, if the bond issuer is unable to pay up, the CDS buyer that made his purchase of CDS with the CDS seller will be compensated by the CDS Seller. This strategy is known as the absolute return strategy, if everything flows smoothly and economic continues to boom, which was not the case. Problem began to arise when the subprime mortgages didn’t work out and property value dipped tremendously. When the property price dipped, Bear Stearns managers realised that they do not have sufficient funds to protect the losses.It’s a domino effect when public was en lightened of Bear Stearns crisis. They started selling the bonds at lower price to fund their losses and more bonds are sold when they realise that the losses increase exponentially causing the price of the subprime bonds to drop tremendously and eventually led to the down fall of Bear Stearns. Soon after the downfall of Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers filed the largest amount of debt throughout the history, debt of $619 Billion dollars. As the U.S government refuses to bail them out, Lehman Brother, one of the few largest banks in U. S. faces their downfall and sent 25,000 Americans jobless. This tremor caused by Bear Stearns directly result in the decreasing value of CDOs prices day by day. CDS bond causes banks to fail as more and more defaults are happening. Subsequently, it led to the bank liquidity issues and went into a credit crunch while being unable to sell their CDOs to sufficiently assist the losses they face.Lehman’s stocks plunged as investors pull out on them and their liquidity pool depletes. Lehman then tries to sell their firm to prevent further losses but potential partners turned them down as such, led to their bankruptcy. Right after the downfall of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers Investment Bank, Merrill Lynch & Co followed up, facing the crisis as they are into generating commissions, subprime loans, CDOs and such which are similar with what Bear Stearns and Lehman brother dealt with.On top with what they are dealing with, they took an extra path by providing loans to investors for the purchase of their bundle of CDOs right after they have been securitized. Some of the CDOs are even brought over from nonbank institutions and sent for a much risky asset backed securitization (ABS), before providing more loans to the investors for the purchase of the bond. This was also the reason why Merrill Lynch was able to survive as they are the most aggressive when dealing with subprime market.Merrill was the investment banks that make the high est amount of loans to any nonbanks as long as they sell the mortgages to Merrill eventually. Before Merrill falls, they actually tried to get Bear Stearns to pay them back the $850 million from the hedge funds which Bear loans hoping to make a turn over. However, the hedge funds collapsed and started the economic crisis. It was when Lehman brothers was still struggling, the government refuses to bail them out but instead requested The Bank of America to buy over Merrill Lynch as they see them both a potential assistance to the subprime crisis.Merging Merrill Lynch and Bank of American, it made them the ninth largest corporation in the world and presently called the Bank of American Merrill Lynch. American International Group Inc (AIG) was the largest insurance company that grew aggressively in U. S. The problems arise when AIG started to lose money in the investment they dealt with like CDOs, CDS, Pool of subprime mortgages and pool of Alt-A mortgages. Without a doubt they were ear ning a huge amount of premium incomes from their invested products, they came crashing when the prices of the properties falls.Increasing rate of foreclosure and amount of the loan pools it had insured cannot be leveraged and realized that their company do not have enough money for pay-outs. The Securities and Exchange Commission also found out that AIG had got low integrity as they shifted from the main balance sheet to the off balance sheet to cover up the problem. There weren’t transparency as the company tries to move or shift the amount that was supposed to be shown on the main balance sheet to the written off balance sheet, abusing the loopholes of the off balance sheet to beautify the main ones.They suffered the largest amount of losses when the rating firm’s such as Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s Investors Service and Fitch Ratings Inc lower the company’s rating. AIG was already on the edge of bankruptcy when all the counterparties started to d emand for their cash which they do not have. AIG was greedy and irresponsible and failed to assure that there was enough fund to pay-out all the insured parties. The U. S Government cannot let AIG fall as they are one of the largest insurance company, if they were to declare bankrupt, U.S will fall into a financial crisis and the insurance regulator will have to take over the firm and compensate the insured and it would create a tighter credit market for consumers and businesses trying to get loans. Thus, the U. S government cannot allow the economy to go down any further, they will have to use the tax payer’s money as a safety net to bail AIG out. Credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor’s (S&P) have been reprimanded as they are also one of the crucial groups of people that contributed to the subprime crisis.They handled complex securities such as the MBS and CDO which are from the loaners with bad credit scores and rated them highly so it could be sold to the i nvestors. The underrated MBS and CDOs that the investors purchase caused them to suffer great losses. It comes hand in hand, as without the rating agencies doing, the bank would not be able to resell the CDOs and MBS. It was ridiculous as a subprime loaner with a bad credit score can be securitized and rated as AAA ratings. It was also said that part of the revenue that the banks got from selling the CDOs and MBS are shared to the agencies.Competitions happened between different rating agencies as all of the wants to enjoy the high influx of revenue which eventually caused the rating standard to drop tremendously due to the conflict of interests. A source from (from where) also states that due to the low standardization in the ratings from the agencies, the AAA CDOs and MBS that went through securitizations doubled the amount as it used to be. As rating the CDOs and MBS is the rating agencies job, they are not held responsible for the compensations to the investors as ratings, was only a piece of advice from them to make references to.TO sum it up, investment banks was unable to rectify the illusion of how property value would climb continuously thus causing a domino effect that ultimately caused their downfall. When there is rise, there will always be a fall. As the bank did not foresee such circumstances affecting the prices of property, hence continued with the high-risk-loans to everyone and anyone that applies for a grant to purchase a property. It all falls into place when rating agencies started lowering their rating standard to compete with their competitions due to favouritism of their own interests.

Intro Communication Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro Communication - Term Paper Example Language plays a considerable role in creating meanings of words. In every language, there are different sets of words and the rules for constructing sentences. Those rules also play their role in creating meanings of the sentences. For example, English-speaking people cannot understand the meanings of the words, which belong to some other language, such as, French language or Spanish language. They need to find the meanings of those words in their own language in order to understand those words. There is a very strong relationship between meanings and language. A person can understand the meanings of only those words, which belong either to his/her mother language or to a language to which the person is familiar. For effective communication to take place, the role of understandable language is very important. A person needs to have complete understanding of the language, which is to be used for communication. When scholars refer to language use as polysemous, they are actually referring to the use of those words, which have different meanings in different languages. Every language has its own set of vocabulary and standards, which play an important role in distinguishing the meanings of the words used in one language from their meanings in other languages. Understanding of polysemy is very important for effective communication to take place in real life situations (Alberts, Nakayama, and Martin). The reason is that there exist many words in almost every language, which have more than one meaning. So in order to know the real meaning of what the other person is speaking, the ability to distinguish between different meanings of the same words is very important. Some words have same spellings but produce different meanings. For example, an English word ‘bat’ has two meanings, which include a stick used to play cricket and an animal. Similarly, the word ‘pupil’ also has two

Marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 70

Marketing Strategies - Essay Example Next success opportunity is the legality of meat importation to the U.S. Apparently, Ruth Chris restaurant model only uses USDA Prime beef and export them to target markets in different countries. The marketing group is currently finding favor in Australia market. Customers from Australia market share a high standard of the US thus becoming a potential market for Ruth’s restaurant. The highly populated urban area serves a better place for business prosperity. High population creates a pool of potential buyers of beef. Disposable income of an extremely populated area facilitates growth and expansion of the market. The marketing team has to ascertain the rate of responsiveness of people towards beef eating. Other criteria Ruth should have considered in conquering new markets include pricing strategies. Affordable and attractive prices may help in hedging out competitors. Embracing product differentiation by improving features, implementing innovations during the manufacturing process will assist in penetrating new markets. The riskiest option is Diversification model. Diversification model involves new kind of restaurants in new markets (Kupetz & Apont, 2006). A new market has various challenges as the products may fail to diffuse. Customers who express utmost loyalty to specific brands may not quickly adapt to new products introduced in new markets. There are series of a cost associated with the development of new products such as promotion and other overhead fees. Initiating a new product in the green market is likely to fail because of competition and more costs. The most risk-averse is penetration model where existing products sell in the same market. Products have loyal buyers thus a reduction of costs such as promotional fees and other marketing related costs.  Ã‚